FreeCalypso > hg > themwi-system-sw
annotate doc/NANP-specifics @ 271:b54fa3e4d81f
doc/NANP-specifics: update references to other articles
| author | Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org> | 
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| date | Sun, 26 Nov 2023 18:14:19 -0800 | 
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changeset | 1 North American Numbering Plan (NANP) specifics in ThemWi system sw | 
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changeset | 2 ================================================================== | 
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changeset | 3 | 
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changeset | 4 Themyscira Wireless system software, as currently written, is strongly tied to | 
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changeset | 5 NANP. More precisely, it thoroughly assumes that all local phone numbers are | 
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changeset | 6 in +1 country code and follow NANP rules, and that all E.164 telephone numbers | 
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changeset | 7 in country codes other than +1 are foreign - numbers which we can call and | 
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changeset | 8 receive calls from, but which can never be local to us. | 
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changeset | 9 | 
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changeset | 10 Why does our software need to have these assumptions baked into it, why can't | 
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changeset | 11 it be country-agnostic? The present article answers this question, and this | 
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changeset | 12 long answer needs to be thoroughly understood before there can be any meaningful | 
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changeset | 13 discussion of how the software could possibly be adapted to other countries and | 
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changeset | 14 their respective telephone numbering plans. | 
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changeset | 15 | 
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changeset | 16 In principle, there exists a standardized dialing format on all GSM phones that | 
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changeset | 17 remains the same no matter which country you happen to be in. If you always | 
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changeset | 18 enter phone numbers (dialing, SMS manual entry, phone book entries) in full | 
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changeset | 19 international format beginning with the '+' symbol (press and hold the '0' | 
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changeset | 20 button before the number in most phone UIs), the phone handset firmware will | 
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changeset | 21 capture the number with TON=1, NPI=1 attributes (signifying international number | 
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changeset | 22 format in GSM call control and SMS protocols) and transmit it as such to the | 
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changeset | 23 GSM network. Every properly designed GSM network, upon seeing a number with | 
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changeset | 24 these TON=1, NPI=1 attributes, must address the call or message to the country | 
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changeset | 25 indicated by the country code at the beginning of the full E.164 number, whether | 
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changeset | 26 that country is your local one or some other. Thus if everyone were to always | 
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changeset | 27 use only full E.164 numbers in full international format, network software could | 
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changeset | 28 hypothetically be written in a country-agnostic way, treating full E.164 phone | 
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changeset | 29 numbers as opaque strings without parsing. However, there are two practical | 
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changeset | 30 problems with such country-agnostic approach: | 
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changeset | 31 | 
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changeset | 32 1) Most human users of mobile phones dial local phone numbers (within their own | 
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changeset | 33 country) in a way that follows local dialing conventions, rather than in | 
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changeset | 34 international format beginning with '+' and their own country code. For | 
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changeset | 35 example, in USA a given 10-digit NANP phone number can be dialed as just the | 
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changeset | 36 10 digits NPANXXXXXX, as 11-digit 1NPANXXXXXX, or as full international | 
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changeset | 37 +1NPANXXXXXX - and a proper cellphone network MUST accept all 3 formats as | 
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changeset | 38 equivalent. | 
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changeset | 39 | 
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changeset | 40 2) As explained further in this article, a network implementation must be able | 
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changeset | 41 to look at a telephone number and immediately tell if that number is locally | 
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changeset | 42 owned ("one of ours") or belongs somewhere outside of the local GSM network. | 
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changeset | 43 Practical implementation of this distinction requires a database of locally | 
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changeset | 44 owned phone numbers, and the implementation of that database in turn becomes | 
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changeset | 45 much easier when the local numbering plan is known and fixed. | 
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changeset | 46 | 
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changeset | 47 Supported dialing formats in ThemWi | 
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changeset | 48 =================================== | 
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changeset | 49 | 
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changeset | 50 When themwi-mncc processes a mobile-originated (MO) call from a GSM subscriber, | 
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changeset | 51 it supports dialing the following classes of numbers: | 
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changeset | 52 | 
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changeset | 53 * NANP numbers in any of the 3 standard dialing formats; | 
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changeset | 54 | 
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changeset | 55 * International numbers in any country - an international number beginning | 
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changeset | 56 with +1 is enforced to be valid NANP, but E.164 numbers in all other country | 
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changeset | 57 codes are accepted as-is; | 
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changeset | 58 | 
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changeset | 59 * Local 4-digit numbers described in Local-short-numbers article; | 
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changeset | 60 | 
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changeset | 61 * Whatever special numbers are configured in themwi-sip-out, such as 511 and | 
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changeset | 62 911. | 
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changeset | 63 | 
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changeset | 64 Only NANP numbers and specially configured 4-digit numbers (see | 
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changeset | 65 Local-short-numbers) can be local - all E.164 numbers in non-NANP country codes | 
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changeset | 66 are sent to the outbound call gateway, and all other unrecognized number formats | 
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changeset | 67 are likewise sent to themwi-sip-out so that the latter process can catch and map | 
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changeset | 68 special numbers like 511, 911 etc. | 
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changeset | 69 | 
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changeset | 70 If a dialed number is recognized as NANP, themwi-mncc looks in the database of | 
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changeset | 71 locally owned numbers to see if the dialed number is one of ours - and the | 
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changeset | 72 outcome of this look-up determines if the call is handled locally or sent to | 
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changeset | 73 the outside world via themwi-sip-out. | 
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changeset | 74 | 
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changeset | 75 No 7-digit dialing support | 
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changeset | 76 ========================== | 
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changeset | 77 | 
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changeset | 78 In the olden days of land lines, most localities in USA supported 7-digit | 
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changeset | 79 dialing: to call Jenny, you would merely dial her local 7-digit number 867-5309, | 
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changeset | 80 without needing to dial the local area code; full 10-digit numbers (or 11 digits | 
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changeset | 81 with leading '1') had to be dialed only when calling someone in a different | 
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changeset | 82 area code from your own. However, this 7-digit dialing has now been disabled | 
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changeset | 83 even for land lines in most localities, including the locality where ThemWi | 
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changeset | 84 currently operates: per official rules, 7-digit dialing gets disabled (full | 
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changeset | 85 10-digit numbers become mandatory) whenever an area code overlay is implemented, | 
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changeset | 86 such as overlay of 760 and 442 area codes in our locality. | 
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changeset | 87 | 
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changeset | 88 In the case of mobile phones, 7-digit dialing never made much sense to begin | 
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changeset | 89 with: if you dial only 7 digits, should the implicit area code be taken from | 
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changeset | 90 your own number, or should it be the area code of the locality you happen to be | 
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changeset | 91 traveling through at the moment? The latter option is impossible in the case | 
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changeset | 92 of localities with two or more overlaid NPA codes, and it appears that official | 
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changeset | 93 rules once again call for simply disabling 7-digit dialing. | 
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changeset | 94 | 
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changeset | 95 Based on these considerations, ThemWi system sw was written from the outset to | 
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changeset | 96 not support 7-digit dialing - it is no longer relevant in the current state of | 
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changeset | 97 telecom culture in USA. We do, however. provide optional support for | 
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changeset | 98 abbreviated 4-digit local numbers - see Local-short-numbers article. | 
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changeset | 99 | 
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changeset | 100 Database of locally owned numbers | 
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changeset | 101 ================================= | 
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changeset | 102 | 
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changeset | 103 The telecom culture in USA features full number portability - end users can take | 
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changeset | 104 their phone numbers with them anywhere, from one telecom provider to another, | 
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changeset | 105 and with mobile phones and VoIP services, from one geographic locality to any | 
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changeset | 106 other, making the entire country effectively "flat" for local/non-local | 
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changeset | 107 distinction purposes. Therefore, the set of phone numbers "owned" (or rented | 
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changeset | 108 in reality) by a small network operator such as Themyscira Wireless does not | 
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changeset | 109 constitute any kind of clean-cut digit range partition in the numbering plan - | 
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changeset | 110 instead we can have a small set of locally owned numbers (say, on the order of | 
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changeset | 111 5 to 20 individual numbers), and each of these locally owned numbers can fall | 
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changeset | 112 anywhere in the whole nationwide 10-digit numbering plan. So how can we tell, | 
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changeset | 113 by looking at an arbitrary NANP number, whether it is "one of ours" or not? | 
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changeset | 114 | 
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changeset | 115 The implemented solution is an explicitly maintained database of locally owned | 
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changeset | 116 phone numbers, described in detail in Number-database article. The format of | 
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changeset | 117 this database (the way numbers are entered, the way the input format is parsed, | 
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changeset | 118 and the compiled binary format used for fast look-ups) is specific to NANP - | 
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changeset | 119 only NANP numbers can be local in the present design. | 
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changeset | 120 | 
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changeset | 121 Porting to other national telephone numbering plans | 
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changeset | 122 =================================================== | 
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changeset | 123 | 
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changeset | 124 If someone wishes to port ThemWi system sw for use in other countries with | 
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changeset | 125 respective local phone numbers, the following aspects will need to be changed: | 
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changeset | 126 | 
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changeset | 127 * Based on the structure of your country's national numbering plan, you will | 
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changeset | 128 need to come up with an appropriate local number database format for your | 
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changeset | 129 country, or if the range of numbers belonging to your GSM network forms a | 
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changeset | 130 clean-cut digit range partition, implement that scheme instead. | 
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changeset | 131 | 
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changeset | 132 * You will need to modify MO call handling to recognize your country code | 
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changeset | 133 (rather than +1) as the one calling for parsing and closer scrutiny of the | 
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changeset | 134 dialed number, determining if it is local or not. | 
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changeset | 135 | 
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changeset | 136 * Handling of non-international dialing formats (numbers dialed without '+') | 
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changeset | 137 will need to be changed to whatever is appropriate for your country's telecom | 
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changeset | 138 culture and customs. | 
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changeset | 139 | 
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changeset | 140 * Handle all secondary fallout (throughout the code base) from the previous | 
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changeset | 141 essential and necessary changes. | 
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changeset | 142 | 
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changeset | 143 Using fake NANP numbers | 
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changeset | 144 ======================= | 
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changeset | 145 | 
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changeset | 146 If someone outside of North America wishes to merely play with ThemWi system sw | 
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changeset | 147 on a casual basis, without actually interconnecting to your non-USA PSTN with | 
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changeset | 148 non-NANP real phone numbers, the easiest way to bring the software up is to use | 
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changeset | 149 fake NANP numbers. There are two types of guaranteed-fake (can't collide with | 
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changeset | 150 real ones) phone numbers in NANP: | 
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changeset | 151 | 
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changeset | 152 1) NPA-555-01XX, where NPA is some real area code for some (any) actual locality | 
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changeset | 153 in USA and XX can be any two digits. This number range is specifically set | 
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changeset | 154 aside for use in movies etc, with realistic USA settings - the area code can | 
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changeset | 155 be any real one, but 555-01XX numbers are reserved for fake use in every | 
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changeset | 156 area code. | 
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changeset | 157 | 
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changeset | 158 2) Fake area codes of form N9X (290-299, 390-399, ..., 990-999) are also good | 
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changeset | 159 for guaranteed-fake numbers as the middle digit of NPA is not allowed to be | 
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changeset | 160 '9' per official NANP rules. This method allows large ranges of fake NANP | 
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changeset | 161 numbers. | 
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changeset | 162 | 
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changeset | 163 See Fake-NANP-numbers article (to be written) for more info. | 
