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author Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
date Thu, 25 Mar 2021 05:10:43 +0000
parents 809829dbc58a
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1 fc-loadtool is our tool for reading and writing the non-volatile flash memory
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2 on all of our supported target devices, and the set of targets which it needs
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3 to support keeps growing. Here are some of the challenges we have to deal with:
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4
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5 * Some Calypso board designs use AMD-style flash, others use Intel-style flash.
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6 Initially we only supported AMD-style flash chips that were used in our first
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7 targets (Openmoko GTA02 and Pirelli DP-L10), then we got other targets that
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8 have Intel-style flash. So far we have not yet run into a case where both
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9 kinds of flash can be encountered on the same target family, but our current
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10 design supports this possibility.
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11
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12 * All Calypso devices which we currently support have flash chips with non-
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13 uniform sector geometries, i.e., the area that would otherwise be the first
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14 or the last sector is subdivided into smaller sectors (erase units). Both
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15 "top boot" (small sectors at high addresses) and "bottom boot" (small sectors
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16 at low addresses) geometries are found among our targets, as well as flashes
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17 that have small sectors at both ends. The exact sector geometry needs to be
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18 known to the flash manipulation tool in order to perform correct flash erase
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19 and program operations.
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20
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21 * While most Calypso devices have a single flash chip providing a single bank
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22 of flash (can be as small as 2 MiB or as big as 8 MiB), some of our targets
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23 (our own FCDEV3B and the Pirelli DP-L10 phone from which the idea was copied)
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24 provide two flash chip select banks of 8 MiB each. To make the matters even
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25 more complicated, all of that flash is actually a single 16 MiB chip that has
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26 two chip selects instead of one, specifically designed for processors like
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27 our Calypso that can only address a maximum of 8 MiB per chip select.
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28
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29 * It is a fixed target property whether a given board is wired for only one
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30 flash chip select or allows the possibility of dual-bank flash, and if a
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31 second flash chip select is provided for, which Calypso chip select it is
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32 wired to.
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33
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34 Given the existence of the CFI (Common Flash Interface) standard and the fact
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35 that every flash chip we have encountered so far in a Calypso device does have
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36 a readable CFI structure, one may naively think that the most sensible way to
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37 support all of our possible flash configurations would be to read and parse the
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38 CFI structure in a device-agnostic way (i.e., without special cases for specific
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39 chip types) and thus support "everything". But here are the problems with this
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40 simplistic approach:
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41
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42 * On boards that have 16 MiB of flash in a Spansion S71PL129J or S71PL129N chip,
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43 it makes the most sense for us to treat this big flash as two separate banks
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44 of 8 MiB each - but the CFI structure describes a single 16 MiB flash chip.
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45
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46 * AMD-style flashes with "top boot" geometries are among our repertoire of
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47 devices to be supported, and they have their regions listed in the wrong order
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48 in the CFI structure - one needs to look in the AMD-specific part outside of
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49 the vendor-neutral geometry structure to see the true "top boot" geometry.
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50
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51 * Intel-style flashes with independent read/write partitions such that each
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52 partition has its own status register and its own "read array" vs. "read SR"
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53 state require special handling in our architecture, but autoconfiguring this
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54 quirk agnostically from CFI seems too difficult to me, and I wouldn't trust
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55 it.
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56
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57 Our previous architectural attempts
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58 ===================================
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59
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60 Initially we only supported two flash chip types, Samsung K5A32xx_T (Openmoko
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61 GTA02) and Spansion S71PL129N (Pirelli DP-L10) with strictly manual selection:
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62 -h gta02 selected one and -h pirelli selected the other via hardware parameter
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63 files. There was an ID check to prevent bogosity from wrong manual selection,
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64 but no autodetection or autoconfiguration. Then we added Compal target support;
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65 aside from Mot C155/156 which has partition quirks that were only discovered
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66 much later, these phones have simple Intel-style flashes without any of the CFI
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67 problems listed above, thus they were handled via CFI. Thus we had a hybrid
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68 architecture: Openmoko, Pirelli and FCDEV3B targets were handled by way of
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69 manual selection and ID checks to catch errors, whereas Compal targets were
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70 handled by way of CFI-based autodetection and autoconfiguration.
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71
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72 Then it was discovered that the 8 MiB Intel-style flash on the D-Sample board
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73 and on Mot C155/156 has partition quirks which our CFI-based autoconfiguration
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74 (looking at vendor-agnostic geometry bits only) could not take care of, and the
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75 solution was to move these targets from CFI-based autoconfiguration to the same
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76 kind of fixed device selection and configuration as was used for AMD flashes.
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77 At that point our flash handling architecture became a mess, and when I started
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78 questioning how to extend it further as the need arises to support more
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79 different flash chip types on a wide variety of Calypso targets, it became
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80 clear that a redesign was needed.
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81
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82 Our current architecture
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83 ========================
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84
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85 In our current architecture the only flash configuration that is indicated
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86 statically in the hardware parameter files (selected with the -h option,
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87 practically meaning predefined target configurations) is board wiring
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88 information. There are 3 possibilities that can be configured:
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89
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90 flash single-4M base_addr -- wired for 1 bank of up to 4 MiB
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91 flash single-8M base_addr -- wired for 1 bank of up to 8 MiB
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92 flash dual-8M bank0_base bank1_base -- wired for 2 banks of up to 8 MiB each
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93
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94 Naturally the dual-8M configuration only makes sense for boards that are wired
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95 with a provision for a second flash bank, in which case the second bank base
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96 address will depend on the board wiring, i.e., which Calypso chip select it is.
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97 (Bank 0 base address will normally be 0x03000000, i.e., the alternate nCS0
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98 mapping that needs to be used when the boot ROM is mapped at 0.) The choice
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99 between single-4M and single-8M needs to match whether or not the associated
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100 init script includes a "w16 fffef006 0008" command to enable ADD22.
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101
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102 Beyond this board wiring configuration, the rest of flash support is based on a
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103 hard-coded table of all supported devices (a table that can grow indefinitely)
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104 plus autodetection amongst this supported set. In other words, fc-loadtool will
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105 only operate on a given flash chip if it explicitly knows about that chip, but
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106 the set of supported chips can be indefinitely extended without hitting
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107 architectural barriers, and our autodetection logic will detect and handle any
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108 supported chip on any board target.
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109
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110 Autodetection details
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111 =====================
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112
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113 The flash chip autodetection operation proceeds as follows:
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114
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115 * A sequence of writes is done to put the chip into the Read ID mode,
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116 equivalent to the following hypothetical C code with base_addr being an
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117 integer:
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118
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119 *(volatile uint16_t *)(base_addr + 0xAAA) = 0xAA;
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120 *(volatile uint16_t *)(base_addr + 0x554) = 0x55;
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121 *(volatile uint16_t *)(base_addr + 0xAAA) = 0x90;
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122
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123 * 16-bit words at base_addr offsets of 0 and 2 (where the manufacturer and
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124 device ID codes are expected to reside) are read, and this ID is looked up in
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125 a table. If the ID code is not known, we give up and don't allow any flash
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126 operations.
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127
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128 * For most ID codes, if we have found the code in our table, we know what device
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129 we should expect. But before we go ahead and assume that the command set and
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130 the geometry are as we think based on the ID code, we also do a CFI check.
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131 Specifically, we put the flash chip into CFI query mode, read a defined set
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132 of word locations (can be different for each chip type), and require these
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133 words to match our compiled-in table. Thus we guard against the possibility
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134 of some other flash chip having the same ID code (yes, there are known
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135 instances of ID code reuse) but having a different geometry.
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136
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137 * Some ID codes receive more complex handling. Right now the only such case is
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138 Spansion PL-J/PL-N flash. PL129J and PL129N flashes have different geometries
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139 and thus must be distinguished, but they have exactly the same ID codes and
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140 can only be distinguished by CFI. We have CFI match tables for PL129J and
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141 for PL129N; we try to match the CFI bits provided by the chip against one
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142 table first, and if it fails to match, we try the other. (As an optimization,
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143 we try the PL129N table first, as the N flash is the one found in real-world
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144 Pirelli DP-L10 specimen and used on our FCDEV3B.) If the CFI matches neither
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145 table, we give up and don't allow any flash operations.
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146
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147 The end effect of this logic is that we err on the side of caution: we only
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148 allow flash erase and program operations if we detect a flash chip which is
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149 fully known to us and fully matches our expectations, with both the ID codes
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150 and the CFI structure being as we expect.
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151
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152 Adding support for new flash chip types
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153 =======================================
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154
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155 All supported flash devices are listed in the fldevs.c source module; new
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156 devices that differ in geometry, command set or quirks need to be added there.
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157 The description of each flash device in fldevs.c also includes the CFI table
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158 that needs to matched to confirm the device in question. A different module
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159 named flashid.c contains the autodetection function and the table of device ID
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160 codes; the latter table always needs to be extended, sometimes adding an
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161 entirely new device, othertimes adding a newly found ID code for some flash
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162 chip that is fully equivalent to an already supported one in terms of geometry,
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163 command set and relevant quirks.
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164
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165 What do you do if you are an end user (not a FreeCalypso developer) and you got
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166 a Calypso device whose flash chip is not being recognized by fc-loadtool?
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167 Answer: you send the output of the "flash id" command (contains ID codes) and a
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168 dump of the CFI structure to Mother Mychaela for analysis. To make a dump of
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169 the CFI structure, execute the following commands:
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170
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171 loadtool> w16 030000aa 98
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172 loadtool> dump2bin 03000000 200 cfidump.bin
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173
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174 Handling of dual-bank 16 MiB flash chips
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175 ========================================
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176
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177 The Calypso can only address a maximum of 8 MiB per chip select, thus 16 MiB or
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178 larger flash chips with a single chip select cannot be used in Calypso board
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179 designs. However, there are some special 16 MiB flash chips that present
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180 themselves as two banks of 8 MiB each (even though the CFI structure describes
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181 a single 16 MiB chip), and such flash chips are used on the Pirelli DP-L10 and
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182 on our own FCDEV3B.
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183
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184 The flash handling architecture of fc-loadtool allows two banks to be configured
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185 via a flash dual-8M setting in the hardware parameter file, and when that
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186 configuration is used (-h fcfam and -h pirelli), the two banks are treated as
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187 being entirely independent. All regular flash commands operate only on the main
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188 bank, and a parallel set of flash2 commands operates on the secondary bank.
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189 The autodetection logic and the resulting configuration are done independently
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190 on each flash bank when it is first accessed, thus fc-loadtool would happily
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191 handle two separate flash chips of different types, even though such arrangement
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192 is not expected to occur in any Calypso device. But when a PL129J or PL129N
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193 device is detected (the two dual-bank devices we currently support) on the
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194 autodetection probe of either bank, the operating geometry is configured
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195 appropriately based on which bank it is.
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196
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197 Primary flash bank mapping at 0x03000000
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198 ========================================
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199
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200 When loadagent runs on the Calypso target controlled by fc-loadtool, the Calypso
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201 boot ROM will usually be mapped at 0, thus the alternate nCS0 mapping at
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202 0x03000000 needs to be used for flash access. However, the Calypso chip (all
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203 versions we work with) has a little design bug in this part of the silicon:
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204 this alternate nCS0 mapping at 0x03000000 works only when the debug visibility
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205 bit in the API-RHEA control register (bit 6 in the FFFF:FB0E register) is set,
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206 and does not work otherwise. This bit is initially set as the Calypso comes
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207 out of reset, and on most platforms we gain loadtool access via the boot ROM,
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208 hence the problem does not occur - but on Compal targets we gain loadtool
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209 access either through Compal's bootloader or via tfc139, and in both cases
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210 Compal's fw (either the full fw or the bootloader part) has already set the
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211 register in question to the runtime operational value of 0x2A (unchanged from
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212 TI's TCS211 reference fw), with the debug visibility bit cleared, hence the
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213 0x03000000 flash mapping no longer works.
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214
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215 There are two possible solutions: we can write into the FFFF:FB10 register to
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216 disable the boot ROM and use the "regular" flash mapping at 0, which is what we
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217 used to do, or we can write into the FFFF:FB0E register and re-enable the debug
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218 visibility mode. Right now we do the latter, allowing us to use the same
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219 0x03000000 flash mapping on all targets for consistency.