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artifacts/Pirelli-CP2102: captured booty
author Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
date Mon, 11 Sep 2023 18:56:04 +0000
parents 9cfe3223fbf8
children 930bd5316d56
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1 Mother Mychaela has developed a set of Linux command line tools for manipulating
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2 configuration EEPROMs that are attached to FT2232x devices and accessed in-band
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3 via USB. This document describes these tools.
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4
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5 Supported FTDI chips and EEPROMs
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6 ================================
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7
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8 The present tools work with 93C46, 93C56 and 93C66 EEPROMs attached behind
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9 FT2232x dual-channel UART/FIFO/MPSSE/etc chips, both FT2232C/D and FT2232H.
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10 We can read these EEPROMs for examination or backup, and we can program them
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11 with new bits, either restoring a previously saved backup or creating a new
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12 from-scratch configuration. These EEPROM configurations (which we can save,
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13 restore or create from scratch) set the USB VID:PID and the textual strings
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14 naming the manufacturer, the product model and an optional serial number,
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15 select whether each FT2232x channel will come up in the default UART mode or
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16 one of the other EEPROM-configurable modes (245 FIFO, CPU-style FIFO or fast
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17 opto-isolated serial), and allow a few other obscure chip settings to be
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18 tweaked.
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19
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20 Some work has also been done toward the goal of being able to program the
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21 internal EEPROM in FT232R chips (a very popular single-channel USB to UART
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22 converter needing no external components), but this work should be considered
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23 experimental: the tools appear to work on an UB232R module from Digi-Key
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24 (presumably containing a genuine FT232RQ chip) and on a no-name FT232RL adapter
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25 where the chip is uncertain, but because we have no real production use case
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26 yet, we are not ready to truly vouch for FT232R support.
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27
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28 More generally:
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29
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30 * our fteeprom-read tool should be able to read out the EEPROM content from
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31 just about any FTDI chip;
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32
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33 * our fteeprom-prog tool should be able to program a user-supplied set of bits
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34 into any FTDI+EEPROM combo where the EEPROM is a separate chip, or into FT232R
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35 internal EEPROM - but it most likely won't work for newer FT-X chips;
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36
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37 * if the goal is to generate a new EEPROM config from scratch, as opposed to
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38 restoring a saved backup, we currently have generators only for FT2232C/D,
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39 for FT2232H and for FT232R, with the last one considered experimental and not
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40 proven.
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41
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42 No more libftdi dependency!
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43 ===========================
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44
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45 Our initial implementation of fteeprom-* tools was based on libftdi; more
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46 specifically, one had to use an old libftdi-0.x version, as these old versions
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47 were the only ones that allowed writing to the EEPROM directly with
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48 ftdi_write_eeprom_location() API calls. However, the present version has been
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49 reimplemented to NOT use libftdi at all - instead we have our own minilibs,
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50 maintained as part of fc-usbser-tools package, that are built on top of
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51 libusb-0.x API. (The version of libftdi we used previously was also built on
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52 top of the same libusb-0.x API, hence no change in that dependency.) The
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53 libusb-0.x API we use consists of <usb.h> include header and -lusb link library
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54 pull-in; on "modern" systems these pieces will typically be provided by
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55 libusb-compat-0.1 package wrapping around libusb-1.x, but in the spirit of Holy
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56 retrocomputing, really old systems can be used with native libusb-0.1.
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57
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58 Selecting the device to operate on
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59 ==================================
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60
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61 Our fteeprom-read, fteeprom-prog and fteeprom-erase tools take a device selector
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62 argument, selecting the device to operate on. The design of this device
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63 selector mechanism has been copied from libftdi; while we no longer use libftdi,
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64 we found its device selector mechanism to be a really good design and we have
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65 fully reimplemented it. The device selector argument is a string in one of the
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66 following formats (some wording copied from libftdi documentation):
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67
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68 d:<devicenode> - path of bus and device-node (e.g. "003/001") within USB device
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69 tree as enumerated via libusb-0.x API. Libftdi documentation said
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70 /proc/bus/usb, but at least on Mother's Slackware 14.2 system, the observed
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71 location of this device tree is /dev/bus/usb.
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72
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73 i:<vendor>:<product> - first device with given vendor and product id, ids can
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74 be decimal, octal (preceded by "0") or hex (preceded by "0x")
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75
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76 i:<vendor>:<product>:<index> - as above with index being the number of the
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77 device (starting with 0) if there are more than one
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78
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79 s:<vendor>:<product>:<serial> - first device with given vendor id, product id
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80 and serial string
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81
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82 If you have only one FTDI device connected to your PC or laptop at the time of
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83 your EEPROM manipulation session (generally a good idea to avoid hitting the
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84 wrong device by mistake) and if that FTDI device has some sensible starting
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85 USB VID:PID (either from the previous EEPROM config or the chip's sans-EEPROM
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86 default) that doesn't clash with anything else, then the i: form will probably
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87 be the most convenient, e.g.:
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88
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89 i:0x0403:0x6001 for single-channel FT232x devices running with the default ID
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90 i:0x0403:0x6010 for dual-channel FT2232x devices running with the default ID
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91 i:0x0403:0xPPPP for custom PIDs assigned out of FTDI's VID range
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92 i:0xVVVV:0xPPPP for totally custom USB IDs
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93
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94 Or if the current device config is totally hosed (the EEPROM has a passing
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95 checksum, but sets some completely bogus USB ID), then the d: form will
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96 probably be required for recovery.
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97
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98 Reading the EEPROM
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99 ==================
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100
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101 The basic EEPROM read command is as follows:
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102
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103 fteeprom-read <device-selector>
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104
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105 See the previous section for the device selector argument. In this default
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106 form the tool will read the first 64 EEPROM words, which is appropriate for
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107 93C46 external EEPROMs or for the internal 1024-bit EEPROM in the FT232R chip.
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108 However, if you are working with an FT2232x board with an external EEPROM and
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109 that EEPROM is of a larger variety (93C56 or 93C66), this basic form with give
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110 you an incomplete (truncated) read, and you will need one of the following
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111 extended forms to read the complete EEPROM:
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112
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113 fteeprom-read -b <device-selector> -- read 128 EEPROM words (93C56)
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114 fteeprom-read -B <device-selector> -- read 256 EEPROM words (93C66)
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115
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116 (If you use one of the extended forms on a smaller EEPROM, you will get 2 or 4
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117 copies of the same bits.)
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118
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119 The output of fteeprom-read is in the same format as the input to fteeprom-prog,
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120 thus you can redirect the output to a file and get a restorable backup copy of
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121 your EEPROM.
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122
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123 Change from previous version
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124 ----------------------------
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125
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126 In the original libftdi-based implementation of fteeprom-read, the act of
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127 reading the EEPROM was invasive: libftdi's open function would unbind the
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128 kernel's ftdi_sio driver (Channel A ttyUSB device disappears) and
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129 reset/reinitialize the SIO channel itself. However, it turns out that these
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130 invasive steps aren't needed if the goal is only to read the EEPROM - the
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131 necessary USB control endpoint transactions can be done while the kernel's
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132 ftdi_sio driver remains attached with ttyUSBx devices intact on all channels.
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133 The current version of fteeprom-read has been fixed to be non-invasive in this
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134 regard: you can now freely read the EEPROM of any connected FTDI device
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135 *without* bumping off that device's ttyUSB.
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136
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137 Programming the EEPROM
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138 ======================
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139
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140 In terms of the primitives provided over USB, writing to EEPROMs sitting behind
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141 FTDI chips is accomplished by writing one 16-bit word at a time: the
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142 SIO_WRITE_EEPROM_REQUEST command writes a user-supplied word at a user-supplied
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143 EEPROM address. However, our fteeprom-prog tool currently supports only writing
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144 complete EEPROMs (64 or 128 or 256 16-bit words starting at address 0) and we
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145 do not currently provide any kind of "random access write" utility; the primary
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146 reason for this design decision is practical usefulness: FTDI's EEPROM structure
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147 includes a checksum over the first 64 words for 1024-bit EEPROMs or over the
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148 first 128 words for larger ones, and if this checksum fails to match, the entire
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149 structure is deemed to be invalid - hence there is no practical use case for
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150 selectively rewriting individual words. The only exception may be with 93C66
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151 EEPROMs: on these giants only the first half would be subject to the checksum,
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152 and the second half could be used arbitrarily. However, we have not yet
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153 encountered any boards out in the wild with such big EEPROMs, and we have no
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154 plans to use such in any of our own hardware designs either, hence there is no
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155 business case at the present moment to develop tooling support for them.
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156
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157 There are two primary modes of usage for our fteeprom-prog tool: restoring a
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158 saved EEPROM backup or writing a new EEPROM config which you generate yourself.
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159 To restore a saved EEPROM backup, run the tool as follows:
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160
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161 fteeprom-prog <device-selector> <eeprom-image-file>
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162
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163 To program a new EEPROM config of your own, run a pipeline of this form:
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164
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165 <generator-tool> | fteeprom-prog <device-selector>
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166
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167 fteeprom-prog reads the EEPROM image from stdin if no image file is named on
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168 the command line; the image format is the same in both cases, and the length of
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169 this EEPROM image tells the tool how many words need to be programmed - there
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170 are no -b or -B options to fteeprom-prog.
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171
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172 Generator tools
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173 ===============
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174
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175 Unfortunately FTDI never documented the format of their EEPROM configuration
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176 structure - apparently they consider it a proprietary trade secret just like
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177 the wire protocol spoken over USB between their chips and their closed-source
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178 proprietary drivers. All FOSS community support for these chips is based on
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179 reverse engineering, and that includes the EEPROM format.
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180
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181 The present suite of tools includes ftee-gen2232c and ftee-gen2232h EEPROM image
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182 generators, meant for use with FT2232C/D and FT2232H chips, respectively. These
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183 tools are based on the knowledge extracted from other (pre-existing) community
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184 tools, primarily the EEPROM config code built into various libftdi versions -
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185 we haven't done any FTDI RE of our own, instead the goal of this project has
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186 been to create a set of tools that are better fit for production use.
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187
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188 Our ftee-gen2232c and ftee-gen2232h tools are invoked as follows:
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189
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190 ftee-gen2232[ch] [-b|-B] <config-file> [serial-num]
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191
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192 The output of these generator tools is meant to be piped directly into
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193 fteeprom-prog.
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194
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195 The philosophy of which settings are given in the config file vs. which ones
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196 are given on the command line reflects configuration management and factory
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197 production line operations. In the envisioned usage there would be a config
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198 file for each product, giving the USB VID:PID, textual manufacturer and product
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199 ID strings and possibly other config settings which need to be changed from the
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200 defaults, but the optional serial number string is given on the command line
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201 because it would be different for each individual unit being programmed.
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202
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203 The EEPROM size selection is also made on the command line, so that the same
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204 config can be programmed into a smaller EEPROM or a bigger one. By default our
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205 tools generate an image suitable for a 93C46 EEPROM: the generated image is 64
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206 words long, with a checksum in word 63, and the EEPROM type byte in FTDI's
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207 structure is set to 0x46. Running with -b produces an image for a 93C56 EEPROM:
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208 the EEPROM type byte is set to 0x56, and the checksum-covered image length is
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209 extended to 128 words. Finally, -B sets things up for a 93C66 EEPROM: the
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210 EEPROM type byte is set to 0x66, but the generated checksum-covered image is
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211 still 128 words long just like with -b, as that is what FT2232x chips apparently
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212 expect. I said "apparently" because I don't have any FT2232x hardware with
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213 93C66 EEPROMs and I don't plan on acquiring or building any, hence this minimal
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214 93C66 support is completely untested - use at your own risk.
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215
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216 It also needs to be noted that with our current RE-based understanding of FTDI's
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217 undocumented EEPROM structure, using a bigger EEPROM does NOT provide more room
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218 for strings: all that happens with -b and -B options is that a gap of 64 unused
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219 EEPROM words is inserted between the end of the fixed structure and the
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220 beginning of strings. The exact same arrangement has been observed in all 93C56
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221 EEPROM images found in the wild, presumably produced with FTDI's official tools,
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222 including FTDI's own USB-COM232-PLUS2 board - thus it is not clear at all if
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223 FT2232x chips actually support longer strings with bigger EEPROMs, and if not,
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224 what does one need a bigger EEPROM for...
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225
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226 For the format of config files read by our ftee-gen2232[ch] tools and what
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227 settings can be tweaked, read the source code.
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228
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229 Installation directory for EEPROM config files
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230 ----------------------------------------------
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231
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232 If the name of the config file passed to ftee-gen* does not contain any '/'
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233 characters, the named file is sought first in an installation directory
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234 (/opt/freecalypso/ftdi) and then in the current directory. To suppress this
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235 search path and read EEPROM config files only from the current directory,
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236 specify your config file as ./name - filenames (pathnames) containing slashes
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237 are read as-is.
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238
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239 This installation directory and search mechanism have been added in order to
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240 allow standard (usually developed at FreeCalypso HQ) FTDI EEPROM configs which
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241 end users can then program into their boards by executing a fixed command line
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242 given in a manual.
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243
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244 FT232R differences
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245 ==================
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246
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247 The EEPROM generator tool for FT232R is ftee-gen232r; it works on the same
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248 principle as ftee-gen2232[ch] for FT2232x. However, when you run fteeprom-prog
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249 to program FT232R's internal EEPROM (whether you are restoring a backup or
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250 programming the output of ftee-gen232r), you need to add -r option before the
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251 device selector string. This option tells fteeprom-prog to execute the
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252 FT232R-specific magic sequence (documented in FT232R-notes) before proceeding
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253 to actual EEPROM writes - without this option the EEPROM content will be garbage
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254 (bitwise AND of old and new EEPROM images), producing the appearance of a
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255 bricked chip.
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256
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257 In the previous libftdi-based version of fteeprom-prog the magic sequence in
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258 question was executed unconditionally - however, because it is needed only for
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259 FT232R and because we could simplify our new sans-libftdi code by implementing
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260 it in an FT232R-only manner (no support for different "index" values for
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261 multichannel FTDI devices), we've changed it from unconditional to -r option.
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262
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263 Experiments show that fteeprom-prog -r option appears to be harmless (though
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264 unnecessary) on FT2232D and FT2232H - however, Mother's recommendation is to
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265 use it only on FT232R devices.
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266
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267 Erasing the EEPROM (making it blank)
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268 ====================================
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269
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270 If you are playing with a "generic" FT2232x breakout board that is made for
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271 tinkering, as opposed to a more finished product, such boards are typically
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272 shipped with their EEPROMs completely blank. In that case restoring the EEPROM
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273 to its "pristine" state after playing around would mean erasing it, i.e.,
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274 bringing it into a blank (all ones) state. FT2232x chips provide two ways to
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275 do so: one can explicitly write 0xFFFF into each individual EEPROM word with
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276 SIO_WRITE_EEPROM_REQUEST, or one can send a SIO_ERASE_EEPROM_REQUEST command to
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277 the chip, and the chip then erases the entire EEPROM. But we don't know how
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278 the latter SIO_ERASE_EEPROM_REQUEST operation is implemented by FT2232x chips:
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279 does the FT2232x chip go through and erase each word individually, or does it
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280 issue an "erase full chip" opcode to the serial EEPROM? If the latter, then
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281 according to some EEPROM datasheets that operation may not work if the EEPROM
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282 is powered from a 3.3V rail rather than the full USB 5V - may be an issue in
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283 FT2232H-based designs.
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284
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285 In any case our tools provide both ways. To perform the "automatic full chip
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286 erase" operation, run the following command:
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287
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288 fteeprom-erase <device-selector>
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289
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290 To blank the EEPROM by writing 0xFFFF into each word, run one of the following
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291 pipelines:
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292
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293 ftee-mkblank | fteeprom-prog <device-selector> -- blank a 93C46 EEPROM
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294 ftee-mkblank -b | fteeprom-prog <device-selector> -- blank a 93C56 EEPROM
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295 ftee-mkblank -B | fteeprom-prog <device-selector> -- blank a 93C66 EEPROM
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296
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297 Unbinding of ftdi_sio ttyUSBx devices
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298 =====================================
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299
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300 When invoked without any options, current versions of fteeprom-prog and
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301 fteeprom-erase do NOT unbind the kernel's ftdi_sio driver from any of the chip's
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302 interfaces, thus none of the associated ttyUSB devices disappear. This behavior
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303 can be modified as follows:
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304
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305 * Both fteeprom-prog and fteeprom-erase support -d1, -d2 and -d4 options. These
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306 options instruct the tool to command the kernel to unbind from one, two or
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307 four interfaces on the target chip - they should be used with FT232x, FT2232x
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308 and FT4232x, respectively.
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309
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310 * fteeprom-prog running with -r option (FT232R special mode) and no -d options
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311 defaults to -d1. This default was made because -r option is intended only for
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312 FT232R, which is known to be a single-channel chip, and the special magic
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313 sequence is invasive/disruptive to normal UART operation, hence it isn't
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314 really compatible with ttyUSB sticking around. If you are a hacker and you
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315 really know what you are doing, you can defeat this logic with -r -d0.
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316
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317 Please refer to Replug-after-EEPROM-write article for additional notes.